Conditions / Lupus
Lupus
Overview
Lupus, or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs. It can affect the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, and blood cells, leading to a wide variety of symptoms. Lupus is unpredictable, with periods of flares and remission, and symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. It most often affects women of childbearing age, though it can occur in anyone. While there is no cure, early diagnosis, regular monitoring, and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of serious complications.
Symptoms
Symptoms of lupus vary widely but often include:
• Fatigue: Persistent, overwhelming tiredness even after rest.
• Joint pain and swelling: Particularly in the hands, wrists, and knees.
• Skin rashes: Especially a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose.
• Photosensitivity: Skin sensitivity or flare-ups triggered by sunlight.
• Mouth or nose ulcers: Usually painless and recurring.
• Hair loss: Thinning or patchy hair.
• Fever: Unexplained low-grade fevers.
• Chest pain or shortness of breath: May indicate inflammation in the heart or lungs.
• Cognitive issues: Trouble with memory, focus, or confusion.
• Swelling in legs or around the eyes: May signal kidney involvement.
When to see a doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
• Persistent fatigue, joint pain, or recurring fevers.
• A butterfly rash or other unexplained skin changes.
• Chest pain, shortness of breath, or swelling.
• Symptoms that come and go, especially if they worsen after sun exposure.
• A family history of autoimmune disease, especially with similar symptoms.
Early evaluation and treatment can help prevent long-term organ damage.
Causes
The cause of lupus is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of:
• Genetics: Certain genes make people more susceptible.
• Environmental triggers: Sunlight, infections, or medications may activate the disease in predisposed individuals.
• Hormones: Estrogen is thought to play a role, which may explain why lupus is more common in women.
• Immune system dysfunction: The immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase the risk of developing lupus include:
• Gender: Lupus is far more common in women.
• Age: Often develops between the ages of 15 and 45.
• Race/Ethnicity: Higher risk in African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American populations.
• Family history: Having a close relative with lupus or another autoimmune disorder.
Complications
If not properly managed, lupus can lead to:
• Kidney damage (lupus nephritis): A serious and potentially life-threatening complication.
• Cardiovascular issues: Inflammation can affect the heart and increase the risk of heart attacks or strokes.
• Lung problems: Including pleuritis and pulmonary hypertension.
• Neurological effects: Such as seizures, headaches, or mood disorders.
• Blood disorders: Including anemia or clotting abnormalities.
• Pregnancy complications: Including miscarriage, preterm birth, or preeclampsia.
• Increased infection risk: From the disease or its treatments.
Mediacal Risk
There is no cure for lupus, but treatment aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and protect organs:
• NSAIDs: Help relieve joint pain and inflammation.
• Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine): Often used to treat skin and joint symptoms and prevent flares.
• Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation, especially during severe flares.
• Immunosuppressants: For more serious cases involving organs like the kidneys or brain.
• Biologic therapies (e.g., belimumab): Target specific parts of the immune system to control lupus activity.
Medical risks of treatment may include:
• Side effects from long-term steroid use: Such as weight gain, high blood pressure, or bone thinning.
• Increased risk of infections: Due to immune-suppressing medications.
• Medication toxicity: Regular monitoring is essential to catch complications early.
• Delayed diagnosis: Because symptoms mimic other conditions, lupus is often diagnosed late.
With proper care, many people with lupus can manage their symptoms, avoid complications, and maintain a high quality of life. Regular follow-up with a rheumatologist is essential to adjusting treatment as the disease evolves.