Conditions / NMOSD (Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder)

NMOSD (Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder)

Overview

NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, primarily targeting the optic nerves and spinal cord. It causes inflammation that can lead to vision loss, muscle weakness, paralysis, and other serious neurological symptoms. NMOSD is often misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS), but it requires different treatment and management strategies.

Symptoms

NMOSD symptoms vary but often occur in attacks or flare-ups. Common signs include:

• Sudden vision loss or pain in one or both eyes

• Weakness or numbness in the limbs

• Loss of bladder or bowel control

• Severe nausea, vomiting, or hiccups (due to brainstem involvement)

• Paralysis or difficulty walking

Symptoms may appear suddenly and can lead to lasting disability if not treated promptly.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if you experience:

• Unexplained vision problems or eye pain

• Sudden weakness or numbness in your arms or legs

• Difficulty walking, balancing, or controlling bodily functions

• Persistent nausea, vomiting, or hiccups without another clear cause

Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing long-term damage.

Causes and Risk Factors

NMOSD is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy cells in the central nervous system. In most cases, it’s linked to antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Some patients test negative for these antibodies but still show symptoms of NMOSD. Risk factors may include:

• Being female (more common in women)

• Age (often diagnosed in adults aged 30–50)

• Coexisting autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, Sjögren’s syndrome)

• Genetic predisposition (though NMOSD is not typically hereditary)

Medication and Treatment Risks

NMOSD is typically treated with immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent relapses. Common treatments include steroids, plasma exchange, or medications like rituximab, eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. Medication risks to be aware of:

• Infection risk: Immunosuppressants can lower your ability to fight infections

• Liver toxicity: Some medications may affect liver function

• Infusion reactions: Certain IV therapies may cause side effects like fever, rash, or fatigue

Disclaimer: Always discuss potential drug interactions with your doctor—especially if you take other medications or supplements.